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Emory University, Woodruff Health Sciences Jul. 13, 2011
Progesterone Inhibits Growth of Neuroblastoma Cancer Cells

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Web sites

canceractive.com
mercola.com

Research papers...

Hormonal Etiology of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, With a
Hypothesis Concerning the Role of Androgens and
Progesterone

Harvey A. Risch

"Progesterone
Evidence for a possible protective role of progesterone in the etiology of ovarian cancer starts with consideration of the increased sex hormone activity during pregnancy. Over the first month of pregnancy, maternal LH and FSH decline strongly with the increase in trophoblast hCG (162). The hCG also stimulates the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and not regress (102). After the seventh week, the luteal-placental shift occurs in which the functional capacity of the corpus luteum of pregnancy drops, while the massive placental production of progesterone during pregnancy begins (102). In addition, the placenta extracts maternal (and later, fetal) adrenal androgens, which remain at stable maternal serum concentrations while both production and utilization rates increase; maternal serum estrone and estradiol are made from the adrenal androgens (102). During pregnancy, the placental synthesis thus causes 10-fold increases in maternal circulating progesterone levels (102). Maternal testosterone and androstenedione levels increase some twofold to threefold, although most of the testosterone is bound to the pregnancy-induced higher levels of sex hormonebinding globulin, preventing virilization of female fetuses (102). These maternal ovarian androgens are in any case dwarfed by the huge estrogen and progesterone concentrations. In terms of the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, we suggest that the additional protective aspect of pregnancy not mediated through suppression of ovulation may be due to the 8–9 months of elevated progesterone. As we have noted, it seems unlikely to be due to the pregnancy estrogens, since most of the evidence relating estrogens to risk of ovarian cancer (as well as to endometrial cancer and perhaps breast cancer) points either to no effect or to increase in risk."

2. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 97 (2005) 441–450
Pregnancy, progesterone and progestins in relation to breast cancer risk.
Carlo Campagnoli, Chiara Abba, Simona Ambroggio, Clementina Peris

Abstract
In the last two decades the prevailing opinion, supported by the “estrogen augmented by progesterone” hypothesis, has been that progesterone contributes to the development of breast cancer (BC). Support for this opinion was provided by the finding that some synthetic progestins, when added to estrogen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal complaints, increase the BC risk more than estrogen alone. However, recent findings suggest that both the production of progesterone during pregnancy and the progesterone endogenously produced or exogenously administered outside pregnancy, does not increase BC risk, and could even be protective. The increased BC risk found with the addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen in HRT seems in all likehood due to the fact that these progestins (medroxyprogesterone acetate and 19-nortestosterone-derivatives) are endowed with some non-progesterone-like effects which can potentiate the proliferative action of estrogens. The use of progestational agents in pregnancy, for example to prevent preterm birth, does not cause concern in relation to BC risk."
Conclusion
Available data suggest that progesterone produced during pregnancy does not have deleterious effects on BC risk; conversely, it could have a predominant role in the long term protective effect against BC shown by full-term pregnancies. Even outside pregnancy, the balance of the in vivo evidence is that progesterone does not have a cancer-promoting effect on breast tissue. The greater BC risk related to the use of HRT preparations containing estrogen and synthetic progestins seems in all likelihood to be due to the fact that many of the progestins used have several nonprogesterone like actions that potentiate the proliferative effect of estrogens on breast tissue and estrogen-sensitive cancer cells. Particularly relevant seem to be the metabolic and hepatocellular effects (decreased insulin sensitivity, increased levels and activity of IGF-I, and decreased levels of SHBG), which oppose the opposite effects induced by oral estrogen. The use of progestational agents in pregnancy, e.g. to prevent preterm birth [107,108], does not cause concern in relation to BC risk. On the contrary, progestational agents could even be protective, especially when they succeed in avoiding preterm delivery, a well documented risk factor for the subsequent development of BC"

3. Int J Oncol. 2001 Jul;19(1):31-8.
Steroid receptors and hormones in relation to cell proliferation and apoptosis in poorly differentiated epithelial ovarian tumors.
Lindgren P ,Bäckström T ,Mählck CG ,Ridderheim M ,Cajander S .
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

4. Cancer Volume 83, Issue 1 , Pages 111 - 121
Published Online: 9 Nov 2000
Copyright © 1998 American Cancer Society
Progesterone therapy for endometrial carcinoma reduces cell proliferation but does not alter apoptosis
Makoto Saegusa, M.D. *, Isao Okayasu, M.D.
Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan